Original Articles
27 November 2024
Vol. 18 No. 4 (2024)
Vitamin D and intrauterine growth restriction: a cross-sectional study
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
1407
Views
449
Downloads
111
HTML
Authors
Vitamin D plays a critical role in maintaining bone health, regulating calcium homeostasis, and modulating immune responses. During pregnancy, it supports fetal bone mineralization and proper placental function. Deficiency in vitamin D can impair calcium absorption, disrupt placental function, and lead to adverse outcomes like intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Despite abundant sunlight, vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in countries like Indonesia. This study evaluates the relationship between maternal vitamin D levels and IUGR risk while considering additional factors like placental function and calcium metabolism. In this cross-sectional study, 60 patients, 30 with IUGR and 30 without, were included. Vitamin D levels were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and statistical analysis compared the IUGR and non-IUGR groups. Baseline data [age, body mass index (BMI), placental inflammation, preeclampsia status] were analyzed using Chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05, using IBM SPSS 24 (IL, USA). A significant association between maternal factors and IUGR was found. Higher BMI (≥25 kg/m2) and placental inflammation were more prevalent in the IUGR group. Vitamin D deficiency was strongly linked to IUGR, with 90% of IUGR cases showing deficient levels. The IUGR group had significantly lower vitamin D levels (13.84 ng/mL versus 25.93 ng/mL), with a strong inverse correlation (r=-0.86, p=0.00). This study shows a strong link between maternal vitamin D deficiency and increased IUGR risk, emphasizing its role in placental function and fetal development.
Altmetrics
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Citations
Fletcher J, Bishop EL, Harrison S, et al. Autoimmune disease and interconnections with vitamin D. Endocr Connect 2022;11:e210554. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-21-0554
Christakos S, Li S, Cruz JD, et al. Vitamin D and bone. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020;262:47-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/164_2019_338
Ryan BA, Kovacs C. Maternal and fetal vitamin D and their roles in mineral homeostasis and fetal bone development. J Endocrinol Invest 2021;44:643-59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-020-01387-2
Mansur J, Oliveri B, Giacoia E, et al. Vitamin D: before, during and after pregnancy: effect on neonates and children. Nutrients 2022;14:1900. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091900
Phillips EA, Hendricks N, Bucher M, Maloyan A. Vitamin D supplementation improves mitochondrial function and reduces inflammation in placentae of obese women. Front Endocrinol 2022;13:893848. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.893848
Chee WF, Aji AS, Lipoeto N, Siew CY. Maternal vitamin D status and its associated environmental factors: a cross-sectional study. Ethiop J Health Sci 2022;32:885-94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v32i5.3
Zur R, Kingdom JC, Parks WT, Hobson SR. The placental basis of fetal growth restriction. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2020;47:81-98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2019.10.008
Armengaud J, Yzydorczyk C, Siddeek B, et al. Intrauterine growth restriction: clinical consequences on health and disease at adulthood. Reprod Toxicol 2021;99:168-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.10.005
Chen YH, Liu Z, Ma L, et al. Gestational vitamin D deficiency causes placental insufficiency and fetal intrauterine growth restriction partially through inducing placental inflammation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020;203:105733. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105733
Baqai S, Siraj A, Imran R. Association of vitamin D insufficiency during pregnancy with maternal & perinatal morbidity and mortality. Pak Armed Forces Med J 2020;70:323-7.
Marçal VMG, Sousa FLP, Daher S, et al. The assessment of vitamin D levels in pregnant women is not associated to fetal growth restriction: a cross sectional study. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2021;43:743-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1735158
Glick I, Kadish E, Rottenstreich M. Management of pregnancy in women of advanced maternal age: improving outcomes for mother and baby. Int J Womens Health 2021;13:751-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S283216
Lewandowska M, Sajdak S, Więckowska B, et al. The influence of maternal BMI on adverse pregnancy outcomes in older women. Nutrients 2020;12:2838. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092838
Panda S, Khan MI, Shazahan MA, Fardeen. Adverse perinatal outcomes at advanced maternal age: an experience from a large Indian cohort. Int J Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2020;4:292-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33545/gynae.2020.v4.i1e.478
Fasoulakis Z, Koutras A, Antsaklis P, et al. Intrauterine growth restriction due to gestational diabetes: from pathophysiology to diagnosis and management. Medicina 2023;59:1139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59061139
Shoji H, Watanabe A, Awaji A, et al. Intrauterine growth restriction affects z-scores of anthropometric parameters during the first 6 years in very low-birth-weight-children born at less than 30 weeks of gestation. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2019;11:44-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S2040174419000369
Malhotra A, Allison BJ, Castillo-Melendez M, et al. Neonatal morbidities of fetal growth restriction: pathophysiology and impact. Front Endocrinol 2019;10:55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00055
Tesfa D, Tadege M, Digssie A, Abebaw S. Intrauterine growth restriction and its associated factors in South Gondar zone hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019. Arch Public Health 2020;78:89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-020-00475-2
Rasyid PS, Yulianingsih E. Effect of maternal age, parity and placental weight on birth weight in Otanaha Hospital, Gorontalo City. JNKI 2021;8:253. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21927/jnki.2020.8(4).253-260
Zegarra RR, Dall’asta A, Ghi T. Mechanisms of fetal adaptation to chronic hypoxia following placental insufficiency: a review. Fetal Diagn Ther 2022;49:279-92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000525717
Salavati N, Smies M, Ganzevoort W, et al. The Possible role of placental morphometry in the detection of fetal growth restriction. Front Physiol 2019;9:1884. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01884
Alimohamadi S, Esna-Ashari F, Rooy RSB. Relationship of vitamin D serum level with intrauterine growth retardation in pregnant women. Int J Womens Health 2020;8:221-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15296/ijwhr.2020.35
Albahlol I, Almaeen A, Alduraywish A, et al. Vitamin D status and pregnancy complications: serum 1,25-di-hydroxyl-vitamin D and its ratio to 25-hydroxy-vitamin D are superior biomarkers than 25-hydroxy-vitamin D. Int J Med Sci 2020;17:3039-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.47807
Zhang H, Wang S, Tuo L, et al. Relationship between maternal vitamin D levels and adverse outcomes. Nutrients 2022;14:4230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204230
Meng DH, Zhang Y, Ma SS, et al. The role of parathyroid hormone during pregnancy on the relationship between maternal vitamin D deficiency and fetal growth restriction: a prospective birth cohort study. Br J Nutr 2020;124:432-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114520001105
Zhang Q, Chen H, Wang Y, et al. Severe vitamin D deficiency in the first trimester is associated with placental inflammation in high-risk singleton pregnancy. Clin Nutr 2019;38:1921-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2018.06.978
Vestergaard AL, Justesen S, Volqvartz T, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency among Danish pregnant women-Prevalence and association with adverse obstetric outcomes and placental vitamin D metabolism. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2021;100:480-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.14019
Wang Y, Wang T, Huo Y, et al. Placenta expression of vitamin D and related genes in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020;204:105754. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105754
Magiełda-Stola J, Kurzawińska G, Ożarowski M, et al. Placental mRNA and protein expression of VDR, CYP27B1 and CYP2R1 genes related to vitamin D metabolism in preeclamptic women. Appl Sci 2021;11:11880. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app112411880
How to Cite
Vitamin D and intrauterine growth restriction: a cross-sectional study. (2024). Italian Journal of Medicine, 18(4). https://doi.org/10.4081/itjm.2024.1833
Copyright (c) 2024 the Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
Similar Articles
- Luigi Lusiani, Roberto Frediani, Roberto Nardi, Andrea Fontanella, Mauro Campanini, Doing more does not mean doing better: the FADOI contribution to the Slow Medicine program for a sustainable and wise healthcare system , Italian Journal of Medicine: Vol. 9 No. 3 (2015)
- Mauro Campanini, Giuliano Pinna, Roberto Nardi, on behalf of the FADOI Cardiovascular Prevention Position Statements Group, The FADOI (Federation of Associations of Hospital Doctors on Internal Medicine) position paper on cardiovascular prevention in the higher risk complex patients , Italian Journal of Medicine: Vol. 9 No. 4 (2015)
- Alaa M. Abdalhadi, Asaad Babker, Ahmed Luay Osman, Israa M. Abdalhadi, Mona A. Alblooshi, Fawzia A. AlObeidli, Israa O. Yousif, Hassan Higazi, Comparative analysis of advanced polymerase chain reaction-based detection of Parvovirus B19 in first-trimester pregnant women at Thumbay Hospital, Ajman, United Arab Emirates , Italian Journal of Medicine: Vol. 18 No. 3 (2024)
- Snežana R. Markovic-Jovanovic, Aleksandar N. Jovanovic, Marina Petrovic, Dragoslava Ristic, Gordana Dzeletovic, Ana Karanovic, Dejan Tabakovic, Danijela Jovanovic, COVID-19 effects on mental health of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities in North Kosovo , Italian Journal of Medicine: Vol. 17 No. 3 (2023)
- Marija Petrusevska, Dragica Zendelovska, Emilija Atanasovska, Katerina Spasovska, Krsto Grozdanovski, Simona Stojanovska, Irina Panovska-Stavridis, Aleksandar Eftimov, Interplay between lymphocyte subpopulation, inflammatory cytokines and their correlation with oxidative stress parameters in COVID-19 , Italian Journal of Medicine: Vol. 16 No. 1 (2022)
- Paola Gnerre, Carlotta Casati, Mariella Frualdo, Maurizio Cavalleri, Sara Guizzetti, Management of vertigo: from evidence to clinical practice , Italian Journal of Medicine: Vol. 9 No. 2 (2015)
- Sophia Delicou, Aikaterini Xydaki, Chryssanthi Kontaxi, Konstantinos Maragkos, Disorders of the erythrocyte membrane , Italian Journal of Medicine: Vol. 9 No. 4 (2015)
- Andrea Donti, Patent foramen ovale and ischemic stroke: more shadows than lights? What the internist should know , Italian Journal of Medicine: Vol. 10 No. 3 (2016)
- Stefania Scarlini, Fabrizio Turrini, Antonella Caronna, Roberto Messora, Luca Sarti, Goretta Bonacorsi, Marco Bondi, Too many dangerous allergies , Italian Journal of Medicine: Vol. 8 No. 1 (2014)
- Amos Dangana, Idris Abdullahi Nasir, Jessy Thomas Medugu, Peter Musa Omale, Bibiana Nonye Egenti, Hypoferritinemia in anemic patients attending a tertiary hospital in Maiduguri, Nigeria , Italian Journal of Medicine: Vol. 11 No. 2 (2017)
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.