Reviews
22 April 2024
Vol. 18 No. 2 (2024)
https://doi.org/10.4081/itjm.2024.1723

Pathological changes of biochemical, hematological and coagulation analyses in patients with COVID-19 disease

Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
COVID-19, lymphopenia, neutrophilia, CRP, D-dimer
1143
Views
416
Downloads
75
HTML

Authors

Zafer Gashi
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2720-1502
UBT College Prishtina; Polyclinic, Biolab-Zafi Klinë, Kosovo.
Muhamet Kadrija
muhamet.kadrija@uni-gjk.org
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1521-8745
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; University “Fehmi Agani” Gjakove, Kosovo.

The identification of patients with poor prognosis and early detection of COVID-19 disease complications are made possible by pathological analyses of routine hematological, coagulation, and biochemical tests. Interpreting analyses needs to be done within the framework of each patient’s unique clinical picture. It’s also critical to keep an eye on changes at the individual parameter level. From May 20th, 2021, to March 30th, 2024, a comprehensive search of literature was carried out using international databases, such as PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library, in compliance with the PRISMA guidelines. The research question was formulated using the PICO strategy. The following terms were used: biochemical parameters in COVID-19, hematological parameters in COVID-19, blood coagulation parameters in COVID-19, indicators of inflammation, and indicators of tissue damage in SARS-CoV-2. Routine hematological, coagulation, and biochemical tests are primarily used to monitor the progression of the disease and the effectiveness of treatment rather than being utilized for the established diagnosis of COVID-19 due to their low specificity. Molecular genetics and immunological techniques should be used to determine the COVID-19 disease diagnosis.

Altmetrics

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Citations

Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC
BalkanWeb.com. Coronavirus arrives in Kosovo, the first two cases are confirmed, a 20-year-old Italian and an elderly person. 2020. Available from: https://www.balkanweb.com/koronavirusi-mberrin-ne-kosove-konfirmohen-dy-rastet-e-para-nje-20-vjecare-dhe-njee-moshuar/
Hoti I. Qeveria e Kosovës zyrtarisht mbyll COVID-19 [The Government of Kosovo officially closes COVID-19]. 2023. Available from: https://kallxo.com/lajm/qeveria-e-kosoves-zyrtarisht-mbyll-COVID-19/
Haroon Hasanat HA, Mohammed Saghir SA, Al-Areefi M. Hematological and biochemical parameter changes among healthy individuals infected with COVID-19 according to sex and age: A hospital based study. Electron J Gen Med 2023;20:em527. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/ejgm/13468
Thompson S, Bohn MK, Mancini N, et al. IFCC interim guidelines on biochemical/hematological monitoring of COVID-19 patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020;58:2009-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2020-1414
Kurstjens S, van der Horst A, Herpers R, et al. Rapid identification of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients at the emergency department using routine testing. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020;58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.20.20067512
Khourssaji M, Chapelle V, Evenepoel A, et al. A biological profile for diagnosis and outcome of COVID-19 patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020;58:2141-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2020-0626
Debuc B, Smadja DM. Is COVID-19 a new hematologic disease? Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021;17:4-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-020-09987-4
Terpos E, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Elalamy I, et al. Hematological findings and complications of COVID-19. Am J Hematol 2020;95:834-47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.25829
El Aidouni G, Merbouh M, El Kaouini A, et al. Lymphopenia in COVID-19: a single center retrospective study of 589 cases. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021;69:02816.
Niu J, Sareli C, Mayer D, et al. Lymphopenia as a predictor for adverse clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a single center retrospective study of 4485 cases. J Clin Med 2022;11:700 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11030700
Ndieugnou Djabgang N, Peluso L, Talamonti M, et al. Eosinopenia in COVID-19 patients: a retrospective analysis. Microorganisms 2020;8:1929. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8121929
Outh R, Boutin C, Gueudet P, et al. Eosinopenia <100/μL as a marker of active COVID-19: An observational prospective study. J Microbiol Imunol Infect 2021;54:61-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2020.12.005
Anurag A, Jha PK, Kumar A. Differential white blood cell count in the COVID-19: A cross-sectional study of 148 patients. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020;14:2099-102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.10.029
Taghavi-Farahabadi M, Mahmoudi M, Hashemi SM, Namaki S. Neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio and the prognosis of the COVID-19 patients. Immunoregulation 2020;3:89-96.
Rong N, Wei X, Liu J. The role of neutrophil in COVID-19: positive or negative. Innate Immun 2024;16:80-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000535541
Zhang Y, Zeng X, Jiao Y, et al. Mechanisms involved in the development of thrombocytopenia in patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res 2020;193:10-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2020.06.008
Kichloo A, Dettloff K, Aljadah M, et al. COVID-19 and hypercoagulability: a review. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2020;26:1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1076029620962853
Xu SW, Ilyas I, Weng JP. Endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19: an overview of evidence, biomarkers, mechanisms and potential therapies. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023;44:695-709. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41401-022-00998-0
Qu R, Ling Y, Zhang YH, et al. Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio is associated with prognosis in patients with coronavirus disease-19. J Med Virol 2020;92:1533-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25767
Connors JM, Levy JH. COVID-19 and its implications for thrombosis and anticoagulation. Blood 2020;135:2033-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2020006000
Hakobyan N, Ilerhunmwuwa N, Wasifuddin M, et al. COVID-19-associated disseminated intravascular coagulopathy presenting as inferior st-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Cureus 2023;15:e39308. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.39308
Katrien MJ. Devreese.COVID-19–related laboratory coagulation findings. Int Soc Lab Hematol 2021;43:36-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijlh.13547
Ceriz T, Lagarteira J, Alves SR, et al. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in COVID-19 setting: a clinical case description. Cureus 2023;15:e39941. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.39941
Araya S, Mamo MA, Tsegay YG, et al. Blood coagulation parameter abnormalities in hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 in Ethiopia. PLoS ONE 2021;16:e0252939. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252939
Sui J, Noubouossie DF, Gandorta S, Cao L. Elevated plasma fibrinogen is associated with excessive inflammation and disease severity in COVID-19 patients. Front Cell Microbiol 2021;11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.734005
Lin J, Yan H, Chen H, et al. COVID-19 and coagulation dysfunction in adults: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Med Virol 2021;93:934-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26346
Yao Y, Cao J, Wang Q, et al. D-dimer as a biomarker for disease severitv and mortality in COVID-19 patients: a case control study. J Intensive Care 2020;8:49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40560-020-00466-z
Short S, Gupta S, Brenner S, et al. D-dimer and death in critically ill patients with Coronavirus disease 2019. Crit Care Med 2021;E500-E511. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000004917
Zeng F, Huang Y, Guo Y, et al. Association of inflammatory markers with the severity of COVID-19: a metaanalysis. Int J Infect Dis 2020;96:467-74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.055
Bray C, Bell LN, Liang H, et al. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein measurements and their relevance in clinical medicine. WMJ 2016;115:317-21.
Li F, He M, Zhou M, et al. Association of C-reactive protein with mortality in COVID-19 patients: a secondary analysis of a cohort study. Sci Rep 2023;13:20361. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-47680-x
Avihai B, Sundel EP, Lee E, et al. CRP Monitoring in Early Hospitalization: Implications for Predicting Outcomes in Patients with COVID-19. Pathogens 2023;12:1315. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12111315
Cheng L, Li H, Li Let al. Ferritin in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Clin Lab Anal 2020:34:e23618. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.23618
Kaushal K, Kaur H, Sarma P, et al. Serum ferritin as a predictive biomarker in COVID-19. A systematic review, meta analysis and meta-regression analysis. J Crit Care 2022;67:172-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2021.09.023
Dolci A, Robbiano C, Aloisio E, et al. Searching for a role of procalcitonin determination in COVID-19: a study on a selected cohort of hospitalized patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021;59:433-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2020-1361
Cowman K, Rossi J, Gendlina I, et al. Elucidating the role of procalcitonin as a biomarker in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2022;103:115721. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2022.115721
Lu Y, Sun K, Guo S, et al. Early Warning indicators of severe COVID-19: a single-center study of cases from Shanghai, China. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020;7:432. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00432
Wang Q, Cheng J, Shang J, et al. Clinical value of laboratory indicators for predicting disease progression and death in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2021;11:e043790. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043790
Han Y, Zhang H, Mu S, et al. Lactate dehydrogenase, an independent risk factor of severe COVID-19 patients: a retrospective and observational study. Aging 2020;12:11245-58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.103372
Boregowda U, Aloysius MM, Perisetti A, et al. Serum activity of liver enzymes is associated with higher mortality in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med 2020;7:431. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00431
Vidal-Cevallos P, Higuera-De-La-Tijera F, Chávez-Tapia NC, et al. Lactate-dehydrogenase associated with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Mexico: a multi-centre retrospective cohort study. Ann Hepatol 2021;24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aohep.2021.100338
Yaluri N, Stančáková Yaluri A, Žeňuch P, et al. Cardiac biomarkers and their role in identifying increased risk of cardiovascular complications in COVID-19 patients. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023;13:2508. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13152508
Caro-Codón J, Rey JR, Buño A, et al. Characterization of NT-proBNP in a large cohort of COVID-19 patients. Eur J Heart Fail 2021;23:456-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.2095
Gheblawi M, Wang K, Viveiros A, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: SARS-CoV-2 receptor and regulator of the renin-angiotensin system. Circ Res 2020;126.45. Akhmerov A, Marban E. COVID-19 and the heart. Circ Res 2020;126:1443-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317015
Taheri M, Bahrami A, Habibi P, Nouri F. A review on the serum electrolytes and trace elements role in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020:8:1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02377-4
Sjöström A, Rysz S, Sjöström H, Höybye C. Electrolyte and acid-base imbalance in severe COVID-19. Endocr Connect 2021;10:805-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-21-0265

How to Cite



Pathological changes of biochemical, hematological and coagulation analyses in patients with COVID-19 disease. (2024). Italian Journal of Medicine, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.4081/itjm.2024.1723
Copyright (c) 2024 the Author(s) Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.


Similar Articles

21-30 of 181

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.