https://doi.org/10.4081/itjm.2023.1624

Association between metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and chronic depression: a postmenopausal women prevention study

Vol. 17 No. 1 (2023)
Published: 11 July 2023
Postmenopausal women, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, depression, cardiomyopathy
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Authors

Pasquale Palmiero
pasquale.palmiero@uniba.it
ASL Brindisi, Cardiology Equipe, District of Brindisi; Medical School, University of Bari, Italy.
Maria Maiello
ASL Brindisi, Cardiology Equipe, District of Brindisi, Italy.
Francesca Amati
Cardiovascular Diseases Section, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari, Italy.
Marco Matteo Ciccone
Cardiovascular Diseases Section, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari, Italy.
Timir Paul
University of Tennessee at Nashville, Ascension St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville, TN, United States.

Background. Chronic depression (CD) is common among postmenopausal women and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The diagnosis of CD is a challenging problem in clinical practice which is vastly underdiagnosed. CD detection in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome (MetS) or hypertension is necessary for CVD prevention. Our study aims to assess the prevalence of CD in postmenopausal women and the relationship between CD and MetS or hypertension. Results. The rate of CD was significantly higher among postmenopausal women with MetS compared with the control group [18% versus 8%; Odds ratio (OR) 2.2, P<0.007]. The CD rate was significantly higher among women with MetS and hypertension (21% versus 8%; OR 2.7, P<0.0000). The rate of CD was similar between women with MetS and women with hypertension, 18% versus 21%; OR 0.8, P<0.44) and between women with metabolic cardiomyopathy and hypertensive cardiomyopathy (10% versus 8%; OR 1.1, P<0.65). Conclusions. There is a relationship between MetS and CD, which is stronger when compared to women with hypertension. There is a need to improve the diagnosis of CD in postmenopausal women with MetS or hypertension as unrecognized and untreated CD is associated with a poor outcome.

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How to Cite

Palmiero, P., Maiello, M., Amati, F., Ciccone, M. M., & Paul, T. (2023). Association between metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and chronic depression: a postmenopausal women prevention study. Italian Journal of Medicine, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.4081/itjm.2023.1624
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