Original Articles
9 September 2025
Vol. 19 No. 3 (2025)
https://doi.org/10.4081/itjm.2025.1976

Determinants of hepatitis B vaccination coverage in children aged 12-23 months: evidence from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey

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Hepatitis B, vaccination, Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, Sudan, survey logistic regression
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Authors

Husham O. Elzein
husham.osman@nbu.edu.sa
Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia.
Elryah I. Ali
Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia.
Mohammed Suleiman Zaroog
Department of Community Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia.
Eltigani O.M. Omer
Department of Community Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia.
Kamal Elbssir Mohammed Ali
Department of Community Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia.
Eltayeb I.O. Elmahi
Department of Community Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia.
Sara H.M. Hamad
Central Bureau of Statistics, Khartoum, Sudan.
Zakariya M.S. Mohammed
Center for Scientific Research and Entrepreneurship, Northern Border University, Arar; Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia.

Hepatitis B is a prevalent disease, especially in children. Numerous factors influence its vaccination rate. Therefore, this study aims to assess different socio-economic factors associated with hepatitis B vaccination among children in Sudan. Data from the nationwide Sudan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2014 were utilized. The dataset comprises the hepatitis B immunization status and child, parental, and household characteristics of 2,672 children aged 12 to 23 months. Univariable and multivariable survey logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify determinants of hepatitis B immunization, and unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (AORs) were reported along with 95% confidence intervals. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. IBM SPSS was used to facilitate data analysis. The national hepatitis B vaccination rate in Sudan was 73.9%. Urban regions had a statistically greater rate of immunization than the average; 81.8% of children were registered, according to the survey. The findings showed that 87.2% of households had an educated mother; married mothers were more than mothers who were single or had never married. The result revealed that 87% of mothers gave birth in the private sector. According to the antenatal visits, 81% of mothers had four or more prenatal visits. The logistic regression analysis for socio-demographic and household characteristics revealed that the odds of immunization are significantly higher for registered children (AOR: 1.69), with the highest likelihood of immunization among mothers aged 35-39 (AOR: 2.48). The study reported that the chance of hepatitis B immunization was highest among women who had four or more antenatal visits (AOR: 1.95). Additionally, the likelihood of receiving a vaccination was higher for all wealth levels than for the poorest (AOR: 4.97). Furthermore, compared to a public or private health institution, the odds of immunization are much lower when the delivery takes place at home (AOR: 0.67). The study highlighted the importance of socio-economic factors in determining hepatitis B vaccination among children in Sudan. Educated mothers, registered children, and the place of delivery have significantly impacted the immunization against the hepatitis B virus. However, marital status, polygyny, and the wealth index quintile were found to be the main barriers to HBV vaccine coverage.

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Determinants of hepatitis B vaccination coverage in children aged 12-23 months: evidence from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. (2025). Italian Journal of Medicine, 19(3). https://doi.org/10.4081/itjm.2025.1976
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